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catachresis \kat-uh-KREE-sis\ noun
1 : use of the wrong word for the context; 2 : use of a forced and especially paradoxical figure of speech

chiasmus chi·as·mus — kI-'az-m&s, kE-; noun;
: an inverted relationship between the syntactic elements of parallel phrases ["...to stop too fearful, and too faint to go..." -Goldsmith]

chirography \kye-RAH-gruh-fee\ noun
1: handwriting, penmanship; 2: calligraphy

Chomsky hierarchy classification of phrase structure grammars Cf. Wikipedia

circumposition an adposition which surrounds its complement phrase.

concept map a technique for visualizing the relationships between different concepts ... a diagram showing the relationships between concepts. Concepts are connected with labelled arrows, in a hierarchical structure. The relationship between concepts is articulated in linking phrases, e.g., "gives rise to", "results in", "is required by," or "contributes to". [ Wiki]

content word words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs which carry lexical meaning; Aka lexical word.

corpus linguistics the study of language as expressed in samples (corpora) or "real world" text. The approach runs counter to Noam Chomsky's view that real language is riddled with performance-related errors, thus requiring careful analysis of small speech samples obtained in a highly controlled laboratory setting. Corpus linguistics does away with Chomsky's competence/performance split; adherents believe that reliable language analysis best occurs on field-collected samples, in natural contexts and with minimal experimental interference.
[Wikipedia]