2.   Directed Reading-Thinking Activity (DR-TA)

• Purpose:   to teach students how to make predictions throughout their reading.
• Procedure:   The teacher stops at several points throughout the text and asks the students to predict what will happen next. After reading some portion of the text, the teacher stops and asks questions such as:
• 1)   What will _________ do about ____________?
  2)   What makes you think so?
  3)   What clues did the author give you to predict that?
  4)   What did the author say that supports (or refutes) that?
  5)   Can you show me where in the text it gives you a clue?
  6)   Why do you think the author said that?
• The reading proceeds to another point and stops again for more predictions. Students may be asked to write about their predictions.

3.   K-W-L Technique

• Purpose:   to help the students activate prior knowledge about a topic and to establish a purpose or goal for reading the text.
• Procedure:   The teacher draws three columns on the board with headings:

• What I Know	What I Want to Know	What I Learned

• The first two columns can be completed by the students before reading the text, and the third column is completed after the reading.

4.   Visual Imagery

• Purpose:   to help students use their imaginations to construct a visual representation of what they are reading.
• Procedure:   After reading a descriptive passage, have students describe what the characters are wearing, the facial expressions, the setting the characters are in, and so on. Ask students to draw their visual images. After comparing drawings, go back and reread the passage to see what details may have been missed.
• Visual imagery can be used to capture students' attention and bring more focus during reading or listening. The visual images may assist with remembering the passage and therefore aid comprehension.